0078 figure: 0. 65 times of sheet thickness is also enough. R (radius) = V / 8 and R = T (thickness) Therefore, the following equation can be used to determine the V opening: V = T x 8. Hi all . To calculate the Bend Allowance enter the Bend Angle (BA), Bend Radius (BR) and Material Thickness into the boxes below, then click the Calculate button. K: - stretch factor. 0. Large radius bending is ideal when step bending, or bump bending, is not an option. Bending Springback Calculator. Displays the variables that can be used in equations: s = material thickness. When the thickness of the plate is not less than 12 mm, the bending radius in the plate is generally 2 to 3 times the thickness of the plate. Due to this elastic recovery, it is necessary to over-bend the sheet a precise amount to achieve the desired bend radius and bend angle. AUTOMATION & IIOT. Once the bend is created the actual (table lookup) radius is stored in the bend. Using 0. For example, in the case of Category 5 or 5e cables, the bend radius is eight times the cable diameter. This is called the minimum bending radius. 006 in. When the sheet metal is bent the inside radius pulls the edge of the material away from the apex of the bend. 201 – (2 × 0. The default location for bend calculation tables is install_dirlangenglishSheetmetal Bend Tables. Open Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Calculator. Bending Force Requirement Punch Workpiece T Die W Force T = Sheet Thickness W = Width of Die Opening L = Total length of bend (into the page) UTS = Ultimate Tensile Strength of material () 2 UTS W LT F= Note: the notation used in the text (L, W) differs from that used in the previous development (b, L). Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple scenario. Bend Relief - When a bend is made close to an edge the material may tear unless bend relief is given. 2 min read. Thickness 2. It is long because it solves for the Out Side Set Back (OSSB) as well as the Bend Allowance: BD = 2 x (tan (‘B<’ / 2) * (IR + MT. Creating sheet metal components. 82″ is the developed. The SOLIDWORKS application also comes with a K-Factor bend table in Microsoft Excel format. It is long because it solves for the Out Side Set Back (OSSB) as well as the Bend Allowance: BD = 2 x (tan (‘B<’ / 2) * (IR + MT. The most commonly used. Learn how to calculate the length of a sheet metal bend using the bend allowance formula and the bend deduction formula. 90° V-die and 88° angle punch are required. . The Bend. This measurement ensures consistent, high-quality parts with solid structural integrity. 030" for all material thicknesses up to 0. 001 to 0. 098 0. If the plate thickness is greater than or equal to 12mm, the bending. Bend Deduction. 5 times the plate thickness. Bend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. Sheet Metal Bend Radius: Full Guide Chart In this guide we explore general bend radius terms and their meaning - such as bending height, direction, tool interference and so. 150 × 0. Your customer’s print calls for a “minimum” bend radius, which means you use the smallest punch nose radius you have available to work with. With this free online tool we quickly get the sheet metal bend deduction, and therefore the sheet metal blank initial flat length, from the finished part measurements. Bend Radius - As a rule, inside bend radius should be equal to material thickness. In a 90-degree bend, the setback value is equal to the bend radius plus the sheet metal thickness. Multi bend parts will have a +/- 0. 059 0. Figure 1: A plate’s grains run parallel to the rolling direction. This article provides an overview of sheet metal bending. BA = (1. For instance, typical 10-ga. Pressure Vessel Manufacturing Industry, Piping Industry, Sheet Metal Industry, Heavy Equipment Fabrication Industry or any similar Industry where cone fabrication works involved. This arc is called the bend radius. Bending Springback Calculator. 75 = 3, so your minimum inside bend radius would be roughly 3 times the thickness of the. How do you calculate bend allowance for sheet metal? The bend allowance is typically calculated using a formula like: Bend Allowance (BA) = [π/180 × Bend Angle (in degrees) × (Internal Radius + K-factor × Material Thickness)]. Some hems are closed—basically a zero inside bend radius. It can be measured from either the inside or the outside of the bend. New Jersey. Kansas City, Missouri 64126 Phone: 816-483-7575 Fax: 816-483-1826The radius table only affects bend creation. In the bending production process, the deformation angle and radius of sheet metal will increase due to elastic recovery. Angular Range. The Bend Force Calculator is essential for industries like metal fabrication, sheet metal forming, and. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (Excel) BEND ALLOWANCE; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24. The Bend. ) Actual machine input depth = Dp + Di + Rp -0. 57 *R) Therefore, by comparing the above calculation formula, the value of K for soft brass or soft copper materials can be obtained as 1. 1. You Can save the Cost of Material by using this calculator. Sheet Bending Calculator is useful for calculating bending allowance, bending deductions and required plate size of this bending plates. The minimum bend radius for sheet metal is typically around 0. Inside bend radius. A 43. Due to this, it is necessary to over-bend the sheet an amount to achieve the desired bend radius and bend angle. Picture a sheet of 0. Creating sheet metal components. 250 in. 33 for an air bend and 0. When you select K-Factor as the bend allowance, you can specify a K-Factor bend table. “I want all to know your hard work and efforts have not gone without appreciation. The inner radius can also be used to calculate key parameters such as bend allowance and bend deduction. Therefore, the bend allowance added to the flange lengths. This example will use the bending calculator to find the parameters associated with a sheet metal part consisting of the following dimensions: Base Length: 8. Let's calculate the K-factor for a metal sheet having a thickness of 1 ext { mm} 1 mm and bent to an angle of 90^circ 90∘. These formulas are valid, but they do not take into account whether the bend to be produced is a sharp or radius bend. 09096770962 Contact: req press-brake-tools. 42 * 0. The die ratio will be used to calculate the die opening, which is. After a bending operation, residual stresses will cause the sheet metal to spring back slightly. 0. In the example below, the part has flange lengths of 2” and 3” with. , and the dimension to the apex (between the part edge and bend apex) is 3. Bending radius of a CAT5 cable=8D=8*20=160 mm. We want to know the final length of the detail. It just won’t really. It is recommended to calculate K factor value first. Calculate the required force to bend a piece of sheet metal using V-bending, a process in which a V-shaped punch presses the sheet into a V-die. 57xk = 0. When the bending radius is R = 0. die radius. Since sheet metal cannot be bent to a 90-degree position without breaking at sharp corners, all bends will have an acceptable bend radius. 8 in. The deduction is 1. The developed length is equal to the length of a neutral bending line. Recommended inside bend radius for sheet metal parts should be equal to material thickness. Due to this elastic recovery, it is necessary to over-bend the sheet a precise amount to acheive the desired bend radius and bend angle. When bending parts on a press brake, the inner part of the sheet metal is compressed while the outer part is extended. Usually in sheet metal bend radius is ignored in sharp 90 degree bends. Large radius bending is usually characterized by producing an inside radius that is at least 8 times the material thickness. Sheet Bending Calculator provide complete solution to Sheet Bending calculations. Refer to Appendix A: When the bending piece angle φ=90°, thickness t=2mm, and radius r=10mm, the bending coefficient is 2. 35. Bend Line In. understand how to calculate bend allowance. 000). Now that we know how long that bend is going to be after it has been “stretched,” we can calculate the bend deduction. Therefore, a universal formula for springback is introduced below, which can be used to calculate the springback value based on numerical input. 16), the inside bend radius changes to 0. Having the right tools on hand will help this process go smoothly and quickly. The greater the number of steps, the smoother the outside radius will be. 000). It’s easy to spot this type of damage as upon close. The k-factor in this formula is in the 0. Bend allowance is nothing more than the amount of material that is used for the bent portion of the sheet-metal. These calculations are important to create an accurate flattened model for manufacture. How do you find the radius of a 90-degree bend? To find the radius of a 90-degree bend, you’ll need information on the material, thickness, and bend angle. E. The total length of the flattened sheet is equal to the sum of L1 (the first length), L2, and the bend allowance. Some hems are closed—basically a zero inside bend radius. So the flat pattern length is 1. Bending Springback Calculator. 12–25 mm. The critical section is analyzed as a pure bending section; Bend Radius Requirements: However, when we are dealing with sheet metal, the following characteristics play into the minimum recommended bend radius at the transition of the bends in the part: The sheet raw material (Al 2024 alloy sheet) Heat treatment or temper. If you do not know the value of K-factor, then the program, determining the the total flat length, depending on the method of bending and stiffness of the material offers approximate values of the K-factor. Buckling / Failure Risk Chart* Column Ratio Distortion Outcome <12: Not Critical: GOOD: 12-16: BR <6 will have buckling/twist: Maybe: 16-18: CR 16 has upsetting if BR <8L t = A + B + BA. Springback is the geometric change made to a part at the end of the forming process when the part has been released from the forces of the forming tool. Bending parts re…Bend allowance considers the thickness of the sheet metal, the bend angle, the method employed, and the K-factor (a constant used in sheet metal bending calculation that allows the estimate of the amount of stretch of a material). Bend radius plays a crucial role in determining flange height because it affects the bending process. y Here you can specify many of the sheet metal specific properties including bend radius, K-factor, and bend relief dimensions. Select material thickness. r = bend radius. Sheet Metal Flat Length Calculator. Sheet metal parts will have a +/- 1-degree bend angle tolerance on bends up to 24″ long. Flanging is a process that bends an edge, usually to a 90 degree angle. 088; if the die opening is 0. In order to calculate a segmented bend, you will need to use the “concentric bend formula. CNC bending opens up laser cut sheet metal to a new world of possibilities, turning your 2D parts into 3D. You calculate the bend deduction by doubling the OSSB and subtracting the BA. Bends in the same plane should be designed in the same direction. Industry-standard. To calculate the length at the bend point follow the underneath rules : R/T = 1, then offset the inner radius by 33% of thk. The bend allowance can be easily calculated by using the formula given below: Here, B = Bend Angle in degree, IR = Inside Radius. I am new to all that is excell and have been doing very basic things up till now . 8 in. Each material has a limit for bending without fracture which is determined by its thickness or diameter. In this process, the sheet is held between a wipe die and pressure pad, while a punch presses against the edge of the sheet. Therefore it is important to have the value correct in CAD software. difference may not seem like much, “but when it comes to forming on the press brake, it’s more than enough to cause problems,” Benson said. ) American Machine Tools Corp. 125-inch-thick 5052-H32 aluminum with a 1-mm punch and 16-mm die. To eliminate this, a bend relief is added so the edge of the sheet metal is perpendicular to the bend. In air forming, the radius forms as a percentage of the die opening: 304 stainless steel: 20% to 22% of the die opening. Step 3. The Neutral axis (center line) shift towards the inner side due to compression occurs during Bending, the amount of shifting is mentioned by K-factor, which is roughly determined by the ratio of radius to the thickness. BA is the bend allowance value. and go all the way up to 13 in. Radius of the Bend 4 4. First, we must start with the k factor: Another way to determine the k factor is by following the “rule of thumb”. 249 inch thick, aluminum and steel plate thicknesses start at 0. The following equation is used to calculate the total flat length for bend allowance: L t = A + B + BA. K-Factor - A constant determined by dividing the thickness of the sheet by the location of the neutral axis, which is the part of sheet metal that does not change length. 9huvlrq 1r 3djh ri . On the first tab, the material name can be set, material density, material thickness and bend radius (a good rule of thumb is to keep these the same; internal radius is assumed), bend relief depth and width as well as the. 7° bracket. Here are the steps to be followed to calculate sheet metal flat length: Step-1: Enter Flange Length, Internal Radius, and thickness values. For shearing thin gauge sheet a clear-ance of 0. 0 in. Kansas City Plant 2193 Manchester Trfy. 019 0. What to expect when your parts are bent with SendCutSend. 03 to 0. 5866 Northwest Hwy. Pressure Vessel Manufacturing Industry, Piping Industry, Sheet Metal Industry, Heavy Equipment Fabrication Industry or any similar Industry where cone fabrication works involved. Calculate the required force to bend a piece of sheet metal using V-bending, a process in which a V-shaped punch presses the sheet into a V-die. ; Hem - Create a hem for each edge/face selected, on an existing sheet metal part. Under Sheet Metal Gauges, select Use gauge table, and select a table . Simple, single bend parts will have a +/- 0. The actual K-factor may depend on the type of bending operation, the thickness of the sheet, and the material. Sheet thickness (in): K-factor: Yield strength (psi): Modulus of elasticity (ksi): Initial bend radius (in): Initial bend angle (°): Final bend radius (in): Microform Precision, LLC 4244 South Market Court, Suite A Sacramento, CA 95834 Phone: (916) 419-0580 Fax: (916) 419-0577 Email: info@mform. (Please note the bending of the sample part is done in the same manner as we are planning for production. Sheet thickness conversion. You just have to insert the characteristics of the sheet metal to be bent. The minimum inside bend radius is even larger when bending with the grain. How do you calculate bend length of steel? Spring Back Calculator. For hard materials (Stainless steel, CRCA), an inside bend radius equal to 0. I have never had a reason to understand or use bend tables with in Pro/E. Metals with small. The formula is as follows: Bend Allowance = Angle * (π / 180) * (Radius + K-factor * Thickness) *Where K is a constant that is dependent on the material type being used. I would like to create a calculator for determining bend allowances for sheet metal for folding . When a radius table is applied, Bend creation changes slightly. The Bend Allowance Formula takes into account the geometries of bending and the properties of your metal to determine the Bend Allowance. After a bending operation, residual stresses will cause the sheet metal to spring back slightly. Thickness of the sheet. 22K reviews. Then perhaps a drop down list of thicknesses and also the tooling . Based on your columns, the inside bend radius should be 13 to 15 percent of the die opening. For hard materials (Stainless steel, CRCA), an inside bend radius equal to 0. Set the inside radius of the bends. 01745 = 62. (Again, you calculate the outside radius by adding the material thickness to the inside bend radius, in this case: 0. Sheet metal parts will have a +/- 2-degree bend angle. 514 in. This die selection method keeps the relationships consistent whether the radius is large and the material thin, or the material is thick and the radius small. Gather your materials. A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through which the material is bent)Generally, Miter Bend can be fabricated in 3 parts, 4 parts, 5 parts, 6 parts etc. Bump-forming, otherwise known as bump-bending, is a series of bends, usually done on a press brake, that allows you to create a cylindrical bend in your metal sheet. 3. 030" for bend radii saves you the. Arc length = 2 (pi) x Ir x [ (180 - A)/360] Example: 3. Bending radius of a CAT5 cable=8D=8*20=160 mm. Because different machines and bending tools give different k factor values. Angular Range. Displays the variables that can be used in equations: s = material thickness. The bending radius is the radius from the start point of the bend to the center of the bend in plastic working of a metal or other sheet, pipe, or rod by pressing or rolling. Overall angle O O [°]: New Jersey. 141 in. " The curved steel cone calculator from Chicago Metal Rolled Products makes it easy to find the precise curved steel cone dimensions you need. Contains ads. Bending and Forming Accessory Sheet metal operations FlexureWhat I would like to find is some type of chart or table that shows bend allowances for other metals (aluminum and stainless) for the purpose of laying out correct flat patterns. The. Tonnage 2 2. If you get a message that says inserting a bend table may cause the developed length of the flat pattern to change, click Yes. It has worked very well. The most common sheet metal form is a bend. The bend radius of a sheet metal design will be based on the wall thickness of the part and the tooling that is available in house. The curved steel radius calculator from Chicago Metal Rolled Products provides an easy and effective way to find your correct curved steel measurements. So for a pipe OD 720 with 10mm thickness we can calculate the unfolding: (720 – 10 )x 3,1415 = 2 230,47 mm. ”. where: BA = bend allowance. From a bend, lances should be at least 3 times material thickness plus bend radius, however the actual minimum is often much greater than this and driven. The calculation formula for the convex die corner radius during the bending of circular section bars is as follows: The value of A is shown in the table below. To calculate K-factor: Enter the material thickness, T = 1 mm. ”. 5 mm, but the height can only be made to 22 ±1 mm. It is a measure of the ratio of compression on the inside line of a bend to the tension on the outside of the bend. 443-459-5496 Find your local dealerThis form of metal bending is an effective process for bending heavy and light gauge metal angle, tube, beam, bar, channel, sheet, and plate. In the Sheet Metal Options panel, Die width is a dropdown list. You can change the value later or disconnect the table without affecting the bend. The average hack requires at least one angled metal part, and the best tool to make one is still the good ol’ press brake. (Note: you can find all of this information for your chosen material and thickness in our bending calculator as well. If you look at the pictures of the actual computer case, you should be able to see that the bit of sheet metal does NOT extend ~4-5 mm to the left before going upwards. By definition, the bend allowance is the arc length of the bend as measured along the neutral axis of the material. 3) Formula: 6 T/2+edge distance of V groove +（1. L= ᴫ/2 * R. Helical Spiral Bending. Step 2: Parameters. I would like to have maybe drop down lists of materials ie aluminium , mild steel and stainless steel . Due to this elastic recovery, it is necessary to over-bend the sheet a precise amount to acheive the desired bend radius and bend angle. NX calculates 0. 088; if the die opening is 0. 57 (r + . You can Save Time on your Fabrication Layouting process. With a density that is more hollow, molecules have more room to move, and thus can do so. Sheetmetal parameters 4. Minimum bend radius. ”. 100-in. T = 1 \text { mm} T = 1 mm. If we apply this to the example in Figure 4, we get: (0. Bending is a manufacturing process that produces a V-shape, U-shape, or channel shape along a straight axis in ductile materials, most commonly sheet metal. Bends can give strength and shape to a part and are formed in a machine using bend brakes. Likewise, plate steel varies in strengths from mild varieties to some very high-strength. 33 to 0. Development Radius has calculated this calculator and Denoted By R1 and R2 for Inner and Outer. By inserting in the fields on the left the final angle O, the desired radius R and the number of bends N, we will obtain as a result the angle of the single bump Q and the distance between bends P. So, if the metal plate is . The main reasons are: ① The sheet metal has a special crystal structure and rolling grain direction, and bending parallel to the grain direction can easily cause fracture; ② The chosen bending radius R is too small; ③ The R angle of the lower die’s V-shaped groove is small; ④ The material’s performance is poor. 5000) 5 3/4 . The actual inside radius produced is based on a percentage of the V-die width, regardless of the sharp–radius. 030” tolerance, bend to edge; each bend adds at least 0. T = material thickness. Figure 2. 8 T/2）+T（see the picture）. To calculate the flat length of any sheet metal part, you can either calculate the bend allowance and add to the total length or use the below formula. like in Figure 2. Air Bending Calculator. 075 in. By definition, the bend deduction is the difference between the bend allowance and twice the. Sheet Bending Calculator is useful for calculating bending allowance, bending deductions and required plate size of this bending plates. When T is more than ½ in, the resulting radius becomes larger, therefore: V = T x 10 for when thickness is more than ½ in. 6 times the aluminum plate. 148 in. 050-inch). (0. WILA's high-quality tooling and toolholders will make your sheet metal bending business more profitable. thick, grade 350 and 400 may have a minimum bend radius of 2. 1 mm (measurements vary from about 1. In this process, the sheet is held between a wipe die and pressure pad, while a punch presses against the edge of the sheet. , a radius equal to the outside radius of the first 90-degree bend. The minimum bending radius for this SHD-GC cable is approximately 12. 249 inch thick, aluminum and steel plate thicknesses start at 0. 4. 03L t = A + B + BA. Air forming and V-die selection. 65 times of sheet thickness is also enough. Sheet metal k-factor tableBend allowance with a K-Factor is calculated as follows: BA=pi (R + KT) A/180. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Calculator (Online & Free) August 30, 2023 / By Shane / 2 minutes of reading Share your love : ) Table of Contents I. Bend Radius Defined. 7071) × 4. Overlay the circle and the shape of the bend, and you’ll find that, in some cases, they don’t quite. ) Step-3. 54 mm). For example, in the case of 1. Your best bet when designing formed parts is to use the industry standard bend radius of 0. In addition to bending the edge, these operations also give it a curve. -. When the sheet metal is bent the inside radius pulls the edge of the material away from the apex of the bend. Sheet Metal Bend Allowance Chart (Excel) BEND ALLOWANCE; 8 Gauge: 10 Gauge: 12 Gauge: 14 Gauge: 16 Gauge: 18 Gauge: 20 Gauge: 22 Gauge: 24. Simple, single bend parts will have a +/- 0. Thickness is the thickness of the sheet metal. )American Machine Tools Corp. The developed length of a bend is calculated using the following formula: The developed length (DL) is equal to the bend’s centerline radius (R) multiplied by the angle (A) multiplied by 0. 9375 1. Sheet thickness conversion. A radius of at least 1. When using a circular bend, you'll need to make sure to bump the metal only 2 degrees for each hit. From a bend, lances should be at least 3 times material thickness plus bend radius, however the actual minimum is often much greater than this and driven. • Outside Radius —Dimensions the bend using the outside of the bend radius. If the die opening is 0. Likewise, plate steel varies in strengths from mild varieties to some very high-strength. Because this is a geometrical function it does not change with a metal’s K-Factor the way Bend Allowance and Bend. Using the formula for the minimum bend radius based on the material’s properties: Minimum Bend Radius (R) = (K * Thickness) / (Tensile Strength / Yield Strength) K is a constant typically ranging from 0. Figure 1 When you bend sheet metal, the neutral axis shifts toward the inside surface of the bend. R = Inside Bend Radius; A = Bending Angle; T = Sheet Thickness; K = Value of K-Factor. For more on this, check out “Analyzing the k-factor in sheet metal bending” from September 2018, archived at Just to muddle things further, you can have a minimum radius bend using a sharp enough. For tear drop hems, the inside diameter should be equal to the material thickness. But this isn’t what exactly happens during an air form. Assuming you used an inside bend radius smaller than the material thickness, the K-factor (or neutral factor, if you prefer) in our cheesy example would be 0. 155. 015” tolerance, bend to edge. the three-roll bending process on the final radius of curvature of the bent sheet using an elastoplastic explicit dynamic FE method under the LS-DYNA environment [12]. Creating Bend Tables. 1. More MBR calculation examples are listed. K-factor, bend allowance, and bend deduction are important values used to calculate the correct sheet metal flat length or flat pattern. The overall diameter of the cable is given as 2. In sheet metal bending process when metal is bent the. 125 + 0. (7,9 $9$ 0hdvxulqj lv wkh uhdo wulfn %hqglqj d nqrzq ohqjwk ri vkhhw phwdo lv hdv\ exw wr fdofxodwh wkh %hqg Recommended inside bend radius for sheet metal parts should be equal to material thickness. Locate the 45° angle on the right hand scale and follow this line horizontally until it meets the straight edge. Sheet Bending Calculator; Nozzle Orientation Marking Calculator. arrow_forward. Enter material thickness,. The smaller the die radius, the higher the force necessary to bend the material. Just select a k factor according to your material from the table below. Thickness = . (2) Bending radius calculation formula. 3. The steel is about 1. Benson then advises you to “multiply that answer by the plate thickness” in inches. It’s easy to spot this type of damage as upon close. 45, bend angle of 90 degrees, and inside radius of 0. INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following: (B) Bend Angle (IR) Inside Radius (K) K Factor (MT) Material Thickness Bend Allowance (BA): The calculator returns the answer in inches (in). In this post I will review what these terms mean and in the next post I will show you how to calculate and use them in SOLIDWORKS. In that case, you can calculate the bending radius as. 2200999813105009. You can derive the Bend Allowance (BA) by using the K , Bend Radius (R), Bend Angle (A) and Material Thickness using the formula below. We have a variety of helpful resources. To obtain the radius pitch, divide. Closer clearance tends to increase blade wear, whereas larger clearances allow the material being sheared to drag over to an excessive degree, resulting in excessive wear of the blades and a poor cut. K-factor K-factor is a single value which can be used to represent how sheet metal bends fold/unfold over a wide range of geometric parameters. Step 4: Finishing Processes. 5 times the material thickness when transverse bending, while longitudinal bending may require a minimum bend radius that’s 3. Then took that information and bent the piece according to the layout we did. When the sheet metal is bent the inside radius pulls the edge of the material away from the apex of the bend. Bend Radius - As a rule, inside bend radius should be equal to material thickness. 250 in. That 0. If you do not know the value of K-factor, then the program, determining the the total flat length, depending on the method of bending and stiffness of the material offers approximate values of the K-factor. During the Coining process the material is put under enough pressure that the punch tip penetrates the material at the bottom of the bend and it begins to flow into the die. where: L t is the total flat length; BA is the bend allowance value; The following illustration shows A, B, and BD, used to calculate the bend deduction: The following equation is used to determine the total flat length for bend deduction values:This all happened like clockwork, allowing us to meet the deadline. When bending a piece of sheet metal, the residual stresses in the material will cause the sheet to springback slightly after the bending operation.